{"id":4444,"date":"2026-05-04T19:23:33","date_gmt":"2026-05-04T19:23:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/?p=4444"},"modified":"2026-05-04T19:23:33","modified_gmt":"2026-05-04T19:23:33","slug":"engelsin-guncelligini-yitirmeyen-1-mayis-1890-tarihli-yazisi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/2026\/05\/04\/engelsin-guncelligini-yitirmeyen-1-mayis-1890-tarihli-yazisi\/","title":{"rendered":"Engels\u2019in G\u00fcncelli\u011fini Yitirmeyen 1 May\u0131s 1890 Tarihli Yaz\u0131s\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

AL\u0130 DO\u011eU \u00c7AKIRO\u011eLU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Enternasyonal \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Tarihinden<\/p>\n

Engels\u2019in G\u00fcncelli\u011fini Yitirmeyen 1 May\u0131s 1890 Tarihli Yaz\u0131s\u0131<\/p>\n

K\u0131sa Not:<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in 1 May\u0131s en \u00e7ok 1 May\u0131s 1977\u2019de ya\u015fanan katliamla hat\u0131rlan\u0131r. Ondan yakla\u015f\u0131k bir y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce ABD ve Avrupa\u2019da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerinde bu t\u00fcr katliamlar hep ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Konu s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele oldu\u011funda kapitalizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele tarihine g\u00f6z atmak gerekir. \u201cKazan\u0131mlar\u201d denilen ne varsa, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n fabrikalara ka\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda itilece\u011fi, maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ka\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6lece\u011fi, emekli olduktan sonra ka\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda akci\u011ferlerinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale gelece\u011fi 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ve 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca titiz ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusuydu. \u0130ktisat bilimi bu alanda sa\u011fl\u0131k bilimlerinden ciddi destek al\u0131yordu. 8 saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fccadelesi de kapitalizmin zaman ve mek\u00e2n a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc iste\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 biraz insan\u0131n biyolojik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n sistem i\u00e7inden hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi. Bunlar \u0130ngiliz fabrika m\u00fcfetti\u015fleri ve doktorlar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131yla netle\u015ftirildi. Sonu\u00e7ta kapitalist sistemin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc yasal s\u0131n\u0131rlara oturtmaktan ge\u00e7iyordu. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadeleleri potansiyel tehdit olu\u015fturdu\u011funda, ABD ve Avrupal\u0131 egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar \u201ck\u00f6lecilik\u201d sopas\u0131na rahatl\u0131kla sar\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. Tarihi \u015fimdiki gibi Trump\u2019\u0131n \u201c\u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131,\u201d Netanyahu\u2019nun \u201cdelili\u011fi,\u201d Kim\u2019in \u201cyamyaml\u0131\u011f\u0131,\u201d Zelinski\u2019nin \u201cpalya\u00e7olu\u011fu,\u201d Putin\u2019in \u201cKGB\u2019cili\u011fi,\u201d vb. ile a\u00e7\u0131klama modas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kenleri \u00e7ok eski. Ama g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde h\u00e2l\u00e2 d\u00fcnya siyasetindeki iki temel g\u00fcc\u00fcn, ABD ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n 1860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndaki durumuna bir bakal\u0131m:<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019da serflik\u00a03 Mart 1861\u2019de \u00c7ar II. Aleksandr taraf\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. ABD \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131\u00a012 Nisan 1861\u2019de ba\u015flad\u0131. Marx ve Engels\u2019in enternasyonal i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketindeki siyasal taktikleri ilgilendiren \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u00f6leli\u011fin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeyi hedeflemi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece ABD\u2019nin k\u00f6leci G\u00fcney Eyaletleri (Konfederasyon) ile gerici Rus \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi, Avrupa ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiliz burjuvazisinin tam deste\u011finden yararlan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Marx-Engels\u2019in bu siyasal \u00e7izgisi ile 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda \u0130talya\u2019da ba\u015flayan, oradan Almanya, Japonya\u2019ya yay\u0131lan fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 benzerlikleri vard\u0131r. \u015eimdi de Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler (BM) Genel Kurulu, 25 Mart 2026 tarihinde kabul etti\u011fi transatlantik k\u00f6le ticareti ve Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesini \u201cinsanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenmi\u015f en a\u011f\u0131r su\u00e7\u201d olarak resmen tan\u0131yan karar tasar\u0131s\u0131na ret ve \u00e7ekimser oy kullanan \u201cuygar\u201d Bat\u0131 blokuna bir bakal\u0131m: Hay\u0131r oylar\u0131: ABD, \u0130srail ve Arjantin; \u00c7ekimser oylar\u0131: \u0130ngiltere ve AB\u00a0\u00fclkelerinin tamam\u0131. Bu, 21. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda da 1 May\u0131s\u2019larda emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n k\u00f6lecilik (fa\u015fizm, \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, cinsiyet\u00e7ilik, k\u00f6lecilik) baltas\u0131n\u0131 topra\u011fa g\u00f6mmemi\u015f bir emperyalizm ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. \u015eimdi b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131tan\u0131n nas\u0131l ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tek c\u00fcmleyle hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m: \u201cYamyam\u201d Afrika\u2019ya uygarl\u0131k ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k de\u011ferleri; \u201cBarbar\u201d Asya\u2019ya uygarl\u0131k, demokrasi ve insanc\u0131l m\u00fcdahale; \u201cLatin\u201d (\u0130spanyol-Portekiz) Amerika\u2019ya ABD demokrasisi ve hegemonyas\u0131. \u015eimdi emperyalist sava\u015flara alenen destek vermek i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 masallar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 geveleyenler var.<\/p>\n

Burada Engels\u2019in 1 May\u0131s 1890 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131, Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu\u2019nun 1890 tarihli Alman bask\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7evirisini veriyoruz. Devrimci bilin\u00e7 \u00f6z\u00fcnde Enternasyonalist i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 tarihinin bilinciyle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 1 May\u0131s\u2019ta Manifesto\u2019ya ve hareketin olu\u015fum d\u00f6nemlerine g\u00f6z atmak zaman kayb\u0131 de\u011fildir. Metinde 1887\u2019de Manifesto\u2019nun Ermenice \u00e7evirisinin \u0130stanbul\u2019da bir yay\u0131nevi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanma giri\u015fiminden s\u00f6z ediliyor. Bu da 24 Nisan\u2019da \u00fclkede Marksizm tarihinin derinlikleriyle ilgili ufak bir bilgi. Ar\u015fivin temel i\u015flevi gere\u011fi kaynaklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz. Kaynak:\u00a0Manifesto of the Communist Party; Principles of Communism, Karl Marx, Frederick Engels; Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1977; si 18-23.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

KOM\u00dcN\u0130ST PART\u0130 MAN\u0130FESTOSU<\/p>\n

KOM\u00dcN\u0130ZM\u0130N \u0130LKELER\u0130<\/p>\n

KARL MARX, FREDER\u0130CK ENGELS<\/p>\n

1890 tarihli Almanca Bask\u0131n\u0131n \u00d6ns\u00f6z\u00fc\u00a0[1]<\/p>\n

\u00dcstteki yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri\u00a0[2]\u00a0Manifesto\u2019nun yine yeni bir Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131 zorunlu hale geldi\u011fi gibi Manifesto i\u00e7in burada kaydedilmesi gereken bir hayli geli\u015fme oldu.<\/p>\n

1882\u2019de Cenevre\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan Vera Zasulich\u2019in ikinci Rus\u00e7a \u00e7evirisinin \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc Marx ve ben yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, orijinal Almanca el yazmas\u0131 kayboldu\u011fundan metni hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczeltmeyecek olsa da Rus\u00e7adan yeniden \u00e7evirmek zorunda kald\u0131m.\u00a0[3]\u00a0\u015e\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor:<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu\u2019nun Bakunin\u2019in \u00e7evirdi\u011fi ilk Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131s\u0131, altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Kolokol matbaas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O zamanlar Bat\u0131 buna (Manifesto\u2019nun Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131s\u0131na) sadece edebi bir merakla yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bug\u00fcn b\u00f6yle bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n

O zaman (Aral\u0131k 1847) proleter hareketin hen\u00fcz ne kadar s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir alan\u0131 kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Manifesto\u2019nun son kesimi en net \u015fekilde g\u00f6steriyor: Kom\u00fcnistlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerdeki farkl\u0131 muhalefet partilerine g\u00f6re pozisyonu. Burada kesinlikle Rusya ve Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri eksik. O d\u00f6nem Rusya\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm Avrupa gericili\u011finin son b\u00fcy\u00fck yedek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7 yoluyla Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n fazla proleter g\u00fc\u00e7lerini emdi\u011fi zamanlard\u0131. Her iki \u00fclke de Avrupa\u2019ya hammadde sa\u011flarken, ayn\u0131 zamanda onun sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 pazarlard\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, o zamanlar her ikisi de bir \u015fekilde mevcut Avrupa d\u00fczeninin temel direkleriydi.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn durum ne kadar farkl\u0131! Kesinlikle Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc Kuzey Amerika\u2019y\u0131 rekabetiyle Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin temellerini sarsan muazzam bir tar\u0131msal \u00fcretime haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Dahas\u0131 Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin devasa end\u00fcstriyel kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u015fimdiye kadar var olan end\u00fcstriyel tekelini k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede k\u0131rabilecek bir enerji ve \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kullanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flad\u0131. Her iki olgu da bizzat Amerika \u00fczerinde devrimci bir etki yarat\u0131yor. T\u00fcm siyasi yap\u0131n\u0131n temeli olan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7ift\u00e7ilerin toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m dev \u00e7iftliklerin rekabetine boyun e\u011fmesiyle e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak sanayi b\u00f6lgelerinde ilk kez kitlesel bir proletarya ve m\u00fcthi\u015f bir sermaye yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 geli\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019ya gelelim! 1848-49 Devrimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda sadece Avrupa prensleri de\u011fil Avrupa burjuvazileri de yeni uyanmaya ba\u015flayan proletaryadan tek kurtulu\u015fu Rusya\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesinde buldular. \u00c7ar, Avrupa gericili\u011finin lideri ilan edildi. Bug\u00fcn \u00c7ar Gatchina\u2019da devrimin sava\u015f esiriyken, Rusya da Avrupa\u2019daki devrimci eylemin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto, modern burjuva m\u00fclkiyetinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak yakla\u015fan \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ilan etmeyi hedef alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama Rusya\u2019da h\u0131zla geli\u015fen kapitalist doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k ve yeni geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flayan burjuva toprak m\u00fclkiyeti kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, topraklar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ortak m\u00fclkiyeti oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u015eimdi sorma vakti geldi: Yine de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f da olsa ilkel bir ortak toprak m\u00fclkiyet bi\u00e7imi olarak Rus\u00a0ob\u015f\u00e7ina\u2019s\u0131 do\u011frudan kom\u00fcnist ortak m\u00fclkiyetin daha y\u00fcksek bi\u00e7imine ge\u00e7ebilir mi? Ya da tam tersine, \u00f6nce Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarihsel evrimini olu\u015fturan ayn\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcrecinden ge\u00e7mesi mi gerekir?<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn buna verilebilecek tek cevap \u015fu: E\u011fer Rus Devrimi Bat\u0131\u2019da bir proleter devrimin i\u015faret fi\u015fe\u011fi olur, b\u00f6ylece ikisi birbirini tamamlarsa, mevcut Rus ortak toprak m\u00fclkiyeti kom\u00fcnist geli\u015fmenin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olarak hizmet edebilir.<\/p>\n

Karl Marx, Frederick Engels<\/p>\n

Londra, 21 Ocak 1882<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 tarihlerde Cenevre\u2019de yeni bir Leh\u00e7e \u00e7eviri yay\u0131nland\u0131:\u00a0Manifest Komunistyczny.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca, 1885\u2019te Kopenhag\u2019daki\u00a0Socialdemokratisk Bibliothek\u2019te yeni bir Danca \u00e7eviri yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu \u00e7eviri eksiksiz de\u011fil; \u00e7evirmene zor geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen baz\u0131 temel pasajlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dcstelik yer yer rahats\u0131z edecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00f6ze batan \u00f6zensizlikler g\u00f6ze \u00e7arp\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7eviriye bak\u0131l\u0131rsa \u00e7evirmenin biraz daha \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterseydi m\u00fckemmel i\u015f \u00e7\u0131karabilece\u011fini de g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

1885\u2019te Paris\u00a0Le Socialiste\u2019te yay\u0131mlanan yeni Frans\u0131zca \u00e7eviri \u015fimdiye kadar yay\u0131mlananlar\u0131n en iyisiydi.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l bu Frans\u0131zca \u00e7eviriden \u0130spanyolca bir \u00e7eviri yay\u0131mland\u0131; \u00f6nce Madrid\u2019de\u00a0El Socialista\u2019da, sonra bro\u015f\u00fcr bi\u00e7iminde yeni bask\u0131s\u0131:\u00a0Manifiesto del Partido Comunista\u00a0por Carlos Marx y F. Engels, Madrid, Administraci\u00f3n de\u00a0El Socialista, Hernan Cort\u00e9s 8.<\/p>\n

\u0130lgi \u00e7ekici buldu\u011fumdan, 1887\u2019de Ermenice bir \u00e7evirinin el yazmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019daki bir yay\u0131nevine teklif edildi\u011fini de belirtmeliyim. Ama Marx\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir \u015feyleri yay\u0131nlama cesareti olmayan adam\u0131n \u00e7evirmene yazar olarak kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 yazmas\u0131 \u00f6nerisini de \u00e7evirmen reddetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019de Amerikan [\u0130ngilizcesiyle] art arda az \u00e7ok hatal\u0131 \u00e7eviriler yeniden bas\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra nihayet 1888\u2019de \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir \u00e7eviri yay\u0131nland\u0131. Dostum Samuel Moore\u2019un bu \u00e7evirisini bask\u0131ya g\u00f6nderilmeden \u00f6nce birlikte bir kez daha g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdik. Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131:\u00a0Manifesto of the Communist Party, by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. Authorized English translation, edited and annotated by Frederick Engels, 1888, London, William Reeves, 185 Fleet St., E. C. [Yetkin \u0130ngilizce \u00e7eviri, Frederick Engels taraf\u0131ndan bask\u0131ya haz\u0131rlan\u0131p notlar\u0131 eklenmi\u015ftir] O bask\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 notlar\u0131n\u0131 mevcut bask\u0131ya da ekledim.<\/p>\n

Manifesto\u2019nun kendi tarihi var. Yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde (ilk \u00f6ns\u00f6zde s\u00f6z edilen \u00e7evirilerin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi) o zamanlar bilimsel sosyalizmin hen\u00fcz bir avu\u00e7 \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitap, Paris i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin 1848 Haziran yenilgisiyle ba\u015flayan gericilik taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden arka plana itildi. Nihayet Kas\u0131m 1852\u2019de K\u00f6ln Kom\u00fcnistlerinin mahk\u00fbm edilmesiyle \u201chukuken\u201d de aforoz edildi. \u015eubat Devrimi\u2019yle ba\u015flayan i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin sahneden \u00e7ekilmesiyle birlikte Manifesto da arka planda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Avrupa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n iktidar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yeni sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in tekrar yeterli g\u00fc\u00e7 toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Derne\u011fi kuruldu. Amac\u0131, Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn militan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 bir tek devasa orduda birle\u015ftirmekti. Bu nedenle, Manifesto\u2019da ortaya konulmu\u015f ilkelerden\u00a0yola \u00e7\u0131kamazd\u0131. \u0130ngiliz sendikalar\u0131na, Frans\u0131z, Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131, \u0130talyan ve \u0130spanyol Proudhoncular\u0131na ile Alman Lassalleciler\u2019e kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmayan bir programa sahip olmak zorundayd\u0131.[4]\u00a0Marx, bu program\u0131 \u2014Enternasyonal T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn giri\u015fi\u2014Bakunin ve anar\u015fistlerin bile takdir etti\u011fi bir ustal\u0131kla yazd\u0131. Manifesto\u2019da ortaya konulan fikirlerin nihai zaferi i\u00e7in Marx sadece ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak birle\u015fik eylem ve tart\u0131\u015fmalardan do\u011facak olan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel geli\u015fimine g\u00fcveniyordu. Sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede ya\u015fananlar ile ini\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar, hatta ba\u015far\u0131lardan \u00e7ok yenilgiler, sadece sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lara o ana kadar evrensel re\u00e7etelerin yetersizli\u011fini g\u00f6sterip d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kurtulu\u015funun ger\u00e7ek ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak kavramaya daha a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirebilirdi. Marx hakl\u0131yd\u0131. Enternasyonal\u2019in da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1874\u2019\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 1864\u2019teki kurulu\u015fundan tamamen farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Latin \u00fclkelerindeki Proudhonculuk ile Almanya\u2019daki \u00f6zg\u00fcl Lassallec\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011findeydi. Bir zamanlar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 muhafazak\u00e2r \u0130ngiliz sendikalar\u0131 bile 1887\u2019de Swansea Kongre\u2019lerinin ba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n onlar ad\u0131na \u201cK\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131 sosyalizmi art\u0131k bizi korkutmuyor\u201d diyebilece\u011fi noktaya yava\u015f yava\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131yordu. 1887\u2019ye geldi\u011fimizde, K\u0131ta Avrupas\u0131 Sosyalizmi hemen hemen tamamen Manifesto\u2019da m\u00fcjdelenen teoriydi. B\u00f6ylece bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Manifesto tarihi 1848\u2019den beri modern i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketinin tarihini yans\u0131t\u0131r. \u015eu anda \u015f\u00fcphesiz t\u00fcm sosyalist literat\u00fcr\u00fcn en yayg\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan, en enternasyonal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, Sibirya\u2019dan Kaliforniya\u2019ya kadar t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin milyonlarca i\u015f\u00e7isinin ortak program\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yine de yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman onu\u00a0Sosyalist\u00a0Manifesto diye adland\u0131ramazd\u0131k. 1847\u2019de iki tip insana Sosyalist denirdi. Bir yanda, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fctopik sistemlere sar\u0131lanlar, \u00f6zellikle ikisi de o tarihte zaten \u00f6l\u00fcm d\u00f6\u015fe\u011finde yava\u015f\u00e7a yok olan mezheplere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen \u0130ngiltere\u2019deki Owenciler ve Fransa\u2019daki Fourierciler vard\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, sermayeye ve k\u00e2ra en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir zarar vermeden, \u00e7e\u015fitli evrensel re\u00e7eteleri ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yamal\u0131 boh\u00e7a y\u00f6ntemleriyle toplumsal k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak isteyen her t\u00fcrden sosyal \u015farlatan. Her iki \u00f6rnekte de i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda duran ve daha \u00e7ok \u201ce\u011fitimli\u201d s\u0131n\u0131flardan destek bekleyen insanlar. Ne var ki, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131rf siyasal devrimlerin yetmedi\u011fine ikna olup toplumun radikal bir yeniden in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 talep eden kesimi o zaman kendisini\u00a0Kom\u00fcnist\u00a0olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu h\u00e2l\u00e2 kaba, sadece i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla bir par\u00e7a ham Kom\u00fcnizmdi. Yine de iki \u00fctopik Kom\u00fcnizm sistemini, Fransa\u2019da Cabet\u2019nin \u201c\u0130karian\u201d Kom\u00fcnizmi, Almanya\u2019da Weitling\u2019in kom\u00fcnizmini yaratacak kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc. 1847\u2019de sosyalizm bir burjuva hareketi, Kom\u00fcnizm ise i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 hareketi anlam\u0131ndayd\u0131. Sosyalizm, en az\u0131ndan k\u0131ta Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a sayg\u0131nken Kom\u00fcnizm tam tersiydi. \u00c7ok erken tarihte bile \u00e7ok kararl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u201ci\u015f\u00e7ilerin kurtulu\u015fu i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kendi eylemi olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savundu\u011fumuzdan bu iki isimden hangisini se\u00e7ece\u011fimiz konusunda hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct etmedik. O zamandan beri de bunu reddetmek akl\u0131m\u0131za bile gelmedi.<\/p>\n

\u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7ileri, birle\u015fin!\u201d Tamam, ama k\u0131rk iki y\u0131l \u00f6nce, proletaryan\u0131n kendi talepleriyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk Paris Devrimi\u2019nin arifesinde bu s\u00f6zleri d\u00fcnyaya ilan etti\u011fimizde, \u00e7ok az cevap ald\u0131k. Ne var ki, 28 Eyl\u00fcl 1864\u2019te, Bat\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin \u00e7o\u011funun proleterleri aziz hat\u0131ras\u0131 olan Enternasyonal \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Derne\u011fi\u2019nde g\u00fc\u00e7 birli\u011fi i\u00e7ine girdiler. Do\u011fru, Enternasyonal\u2019in kendi \u00f6mr\u00fc ancak dokuz y\u0131ld\u0131. Ama onun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin proleterlerinin sonsuz birli\u011fi h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayakta ve her zamankinden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc. Buna g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden daha iyi bir kan\u0131t bulunamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bug\u00fcn ben bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131 yazarken Avrupa ve Amerika proletaryas\u0131, ilk kez tek bayrak alt\u0131nda, tek ordu olarak, tek acil hedef i\u00e7in seferber etti\u011fi sava\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerini s\u0131n\u0131yor: 1866\u2019da Enternasyonal\u2019in Cenevre Kongresi\u2019nde, sonra tekrar 1889\u2019da Paris \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kongresi\u2019nde ilan edildi\u011fi gibi yasal bir d\u00fczenlemeyle sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn standartla\u015fmas\u0131.\u00a0[5]\u00a0Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6steri, t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin kapitalistleri ve toprak sahiplerine bug\u00fcn t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ger\u00e7ekten birle\u015fti\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini g\u00f6sterecektir.<\/p>\n

Ke\u015fke Marx h\u00e2l\u00e2 yan\u0131mda olsayd\u0131 da b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 kendi g\u00f6zleriyle g\u00f6rebilseydi!<\/p>\n

Frederick Engels<\/p>\n

Londra, 1 May\u0131s 1890<\/p>\n

Edit\u00f6r Notlar\u0131:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Engels, bu \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fc, May\u0131s 1890\u2019da Manifesto\u2019nun Londra\u2019da \u201cSozialdemokratische Bibliothek\u201d dizisi kapsam\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu eserin yazarlar\u0131ndan birinin derledi\u011fi son bask\u0131yd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, 1872 ve 1883 tarihli Almanca bask\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6zlerini de i\u00e7eriyordu. Engels\u2019in bu yeni bask\u0131ya \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Alman Sosyal Demokrat Partisi\u2019nin yay\u0131n organ\u0131\u00a0Der Sozialdemokrat\u2019\u0131n 16 A\u011fustos 1890 tarihli 33. Say\u0131s\u0131\u2019nda \u201cKom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019nun Yeni Bask\u0131s\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir ba\u015fyaz\u0131da ve ayr\u0131ca 28 Kas\u0131m 1890 tarihli\u00a0Arbeiter-Zeitung\u2019un 48. say\u0131s\u0131nda Engels\u2019in yetmi\u015finci do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kutlayan bir ba\u015fyaz\u0131da yeniden yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/li>\n
  2. Engels, 1883 tarihli Almanca bask\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcne at\u0131f yap\u0131yor.<\/li>\n
  3. Marx ve Engels\u2019in\u00a0Manifesto\u2019nun Rus\u00e7a bask\u0131s\u0131na yazd\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcn kay\u0131p Almanca orijinal elyazmas\u0131 nihayet bulundu. Engels, bu \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fc Rus\u00e7adan Almancaya yeniden \u00e7evirirken i\u00e7inde baz\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapt\u0131.<\/li>\n
  4. Lassalle, bizim kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zda her zaman kendisinin Marx\u2019\u0131n bir \u201c\u00f6\u011frencisi\u201d oldu\u011funu kabul etti ve bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle tabii ki Manifesto\u2019nun zemininde kald\u0131. Onun devlet kredileriyle desteklenen \u00fcretici kooperatifleri talebinin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meyen ve b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 devlet yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 destekleyenler ile \u00f6z g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayanmay\u0131 destekleyenler olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131ran baz\u0131 taraftarlar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden durum \u00e7ok farkl\u0131yd\u0131. [Engels\u2019in notu.],<\/li>\n
  5. Birinci Enternasyonal\u2019in\u00a0Cenevre Kongresi\u00a03-8 Eyl\u00fcl 1866\u2019da topland\u0131. Kongre\u2019ye Genel Konsey\u2019i ve Enternasyonal\u2019in farkl\u0131 seksiyonlar\u0131 ile \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Almanya ve \u0130svi\u00e7re\u2019deki i\u015f\u00e7i derneklerini temsil eden altm\u0131\u015f delege kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hermann Jung \u00fcstlendi. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cGe\u00e7ici Genel Konsey Delegeleri \u0130\u00e7in Talimatlar, \u00c7e\u015fitli Sorunlar\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 metni Genel Konsey\u2019in resmi raporu olarak Kongre\u2019de okundu. Kongre\u2019de delegelerin \u00fc\u00e7te birini olu\u015fturan Proudhoncular, Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cTalimatlar\u0131\u201dna kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcndemdeki t\u00fcm maddeleri kapsayan kapsaml\u0131 bir program sundular. Ne var ki, Genel Konsey\u2019i destekleyenler tart\u0131\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131lan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funda kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini kabul ettirdiler. Kongre \u201cTalimatlar\u201ddaki dokuz maddenin alt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kabul ederek karara ba\u011flad\u0131. Bunlar uluslararas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin birle\u015fik eylemini, sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131n eme\u011fini, kooperatif eme\u011fi, sendikalar ve muvazzaf ordularla ilgili sorunlar\u0131 kaps\u0131yordu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Cenevre Kongresi, ayr\u0131ca Enternasyonal \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Derne\u011fi\u2019nin T\u00fcz\u00fck ve \u0130dari D\u00fczenlemelerini de onaylad\u0131.<\/p>\n

    Paris \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kongresi\u00a0\u2014 Enternasyonal Sosyalist \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Kongresi \u2014 14-20 Temmuz 1889 tarihlerinde Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlendi ve fiilen \u0130kinci Enternasyonal\u2019in kurulu\u015f kongresiydi. Frans\u0131z oport\u00fcnistler, Possibilistler ve \u0130ngiliz Sosyal Demokrat Federasyonu\u2019ndaki takip\u00e7ileri, Kongre haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenmeye, liderli\u011fini ele ge\u00e7irmeye ve Marksizm temelinde sosyalist ve i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin yeni bir Enternasyonal birli\u011finin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Ama do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Engels\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011findeki Marksistler onlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u0131srarla m\u00fccadele ettiler. Kongre 14 Temmuz 1889\u2019da \u2014Bastille\u2019in ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin 100. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde\u2014 a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Marksist partiler egemen olmu\u015ftu. Kongre\u2019ye 20 Avrupa ve Amerika \u00fclkesinden 393 delege kat\u0131ld\u0131. Possibilistler, giri\u015fimleri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z kal\u0131nca Marksist Kongre\u2019yi dengelemek i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Paris\u2019te bir rakip kongre toplad\u0131lar. Possibilistlerin kongresine yabanc\u0131 delegelerden sadece birka\u00e7\u0131 kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00e7o\u011fu da sahte temsilciydi.<\/p>\n

    Enternasyonal Sosyalist \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Kongresi, sosyalist parti delegelerinin kendi \u00fclkelerindeki i\u015f\u00e7i hareketiyle ilgili raporlar\u0131 dinledi, uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hukukunun temel ilkelerini belirledi, sekiz saatlik i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn yasalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 talebini destekledi ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hedeflerine ula\u015fabilmeleri i\u00e7in izlenecek yollara i\u015faret etti. Kongre, proletaryan\u0131n siyasal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin siyasal taleplerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi u\u011fruna m\u00fccadelesinin zorunlulu\u011funu vurgulad\u0131. Muvazzaf ordular\u0131n la\u011fvedilerek, halk\u0131n genel silahland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nerdi. Kongre\u2019nin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 en dikkate de\u011fer karar, t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7ilerine her y\u0131l 1 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 bayram\u0131 olarak kutlama \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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