{"id":4545,"date":"2026-05-29T08:37:08","date_gmt":"2026-05-29T08:37:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/?p=4545"},"modified":"2026-05-29T08:41:18","modified_gmt":"2026-05-29T08:41:18","slug":"paris-komunu-son-barikat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/2026\/05\/29\/paris-komunu-son-barikat\/","title":{"rendered":"PAR\u0130S KOM\u00dcN\u00dc SON BAR\u0130KAT"},"content":{"rendered":"
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AL\u0130 DO\u011eU \u00c7AKIRO\u011eLU<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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ET\u0130KTEOR\u0130\u2019N\u0130N Enternasyonal Sosyalizm Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde\u00a0 bundan sonra Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc belgelerine s\u0131k\u00e7a yer verece\u011fiz. Bu sefer Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn son barikat\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 28 May\u0131s tarihini se\u00e7memizin \u00f6zel bir nedeni var. SSCB\u2019nin ve Do\u011fu Avrupa sosyalist blokunun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden sonra emperyalizmin metropollerinden de kom\u00fcnist hareketin silinip gitti\u011fi anaak\u0131m medyan\u0131n en \u00e7ok tekrarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yalanlardan biri. Temelde Bat\u0131 ve ABD medyas\u0131 ve yay\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan yaz\u0131, \u00e7eviri ve kitaplarla beslenen T\u00fcrkiye solunda, 12 Eyl\u00fcl \u00f6ncesi fraksiyon literat\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc and\u0131ran yay\u0131n tarz\u0131, \u201cMarksist\u201d akademik yay\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7evirisinden ibaret. Feminist, ye\u015fil, anar\u015fist, anarko-sendikalist ak\u0131mlar i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015fey ge\u00e7erli. Tabii ki akademik literat\u00fcrde her yazar i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131labilir. Bizi burada ilgilendiren, 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rne\u011finde ilk doruk noktas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz devrimci ayaklanmalar, m\u00fccadeleler konusunda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir eksiklik ya\u015fanmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu durum \u201cElveda Proletarya\u201d diye tan\u0131mlanan (revizyonist) tarihyaz\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Ananak\u0131m medyan\u0131n kontrol\u00fcnde yay\u0131n \u00e7izgisinde arada s\u0131rada Filistin direni\u015fi, ABD\u2019nin a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar temelinde baz\u0131 protestolara yer verilir. \u015eimdi SAMUD filosu ve K\u00fcba\u2019ya dayan\u0131\u015fma kampanyalar\u0131 bunlara \u00f6rnek. Oysa hi\u00e7 bitmeyen bir politik m\u00fccadele tarihi, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek arkaplana bakmal\u0131y\u0131z. Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto\u2019nun yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 1848\u2019den beri, \u00f6zellikle de Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc ve Ekim Devrimi\u2019nden beri \u201ckom\u00fcnizmin hayaleti\u201d paralel evrene kovalanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0 G\u00f6sterilmek istenen basit \u00fctopyalar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7meyecek umutsuz bir gelecek tasavvurudur; \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz, bireysel ve bilin\u00e7siz.<\/p>\n

Bu tasavvur d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde orta s\u0131n\u0131f eski \u201csolcular\u201d\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle beslenmektedir. Tarihsel miad\u0131n\u0131 dolduran bu tabakan\u0131n genelde neoliberal \u00e7izgi temelindeki ele\u015ftirileri akademik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaz. Bu nedenle bir zamanlar\u0131n sosyalistlerinin egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kurumsal m\u00fcttefikleri oldu\u011funu ancak \u201cezber bozuyoruz\u201d diye ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 zaman g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u201cMarksizm\u201d s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda soyut bir sosyoloji de\u011fildir. O halde Engelssiz, Leninsiz, Stalinsiz, Maosuz, Ho Shi Minhsiz, Kim \u0130l Sungsuz, Fidelsiz, Chesiz, yani devrimci m\u00fccadelesiz bir akademik ideolojiyi istedi\u011finiz kadar Rosa Luxemburg, Tro\u00e7ki, Gramsci, Bookchin\u2019le ate\u015flemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsan\u0131z da sonu\u00e7suz kal\u0131r. Di\u011fer tarafta enternasyonal ar\u015fivler gibi devrimci tarihi tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131nan Marxists.org, Bannedthought.net, Left Side of the Road gibi zengin ar\u015fiv \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 var. Che, K\u00fcba\u2019da devrimci e\u011fitim i\u00e7in Engels\u2019in\u00a0Anti-D\u00fchring<\/em>\u2019iyle bilikte D\u00fchring\u2019in, Lenin\u2019in \u201cProletarya Devrimi ve D\u00f6nek Kautsky<\/em>\u201dsiyle birlikte ele\u015ftirilen Kautsky\u2019nin de yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015fti. B\u00f6ylece devrimci teori daha sa\u011flam yerle\u015ftirilebilirdi.<\/p>\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in son barikat\u0131n devrilmesini, ABD\u2019de devrimci yazar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n bir eseriyle anlatmak istedik. 1932\u2019de Alexander Trachtenberg\u2019in bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc, William Siegel\u2019in harika \u00e7izgileriyle resimlenmi\u015fti. 1932 y\u0131l\u0131 1929 ekonomik krizinden sonra Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 ve d\u00fcnyay\u0131 saran fa\u015fizmin y\u00fckseli\u015f halinde oldu\u011fu y\u0131ld\u0131: Brezilya\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f, \u0130spanya \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131, \u0130talyan fa\u015fizmi, Japon emperyalizminin \u00c7in sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131, yeni sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 v Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin ayakta kalma m\u00fccadelesi. B\u00f6yle bir d\u00f6nemde Amerikal\u0131 devrimcilerin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc tan\u0131tmak gerekliydi. Bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve faaliyeti Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n anaak\u0131m medyas\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 bulamazs\u0131n\u0131z. Devrimci yazarlar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc John Reed Club b\u00fcnyesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan birinin \u00e7evirisini veriyoruz. Altta o d\u00f6nem emperyalizme, fa\u015fizme ve burjuvazinin kar\u015f\u0131devrimci faaliyetlerine nas\u0131l yakla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iki k\u0131sa yay\u0131n listesinde g\u00f6rebiliriz. \u0130lki bu Kul\u00fcb\u00fcn yay\u0131nlar\u0131, ikincisi \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler \u0130\u00e7in Kitaplar. \u0130lk listede yer alan \u201cSovyet Tarz\u0131 Modern \u00c7ift\u00e7ilik<\/em>\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131 Anne Louise Strong, b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 Sovyet ve \u00c7in Devrimi\u2019ne adam\u0131\u015f olan \u00fcnl\u00fc kom\u00fcnist yazard\u0131r. Kul\u00fcbe ad\u0131n\u0131 veren John Reed, Ekim Devrimi\u2019ni anlatan \u201cD\u00fcnyay\u0131 Sarsan On G\u00fcn<\/em>\u201d\u00fcn yazar\u0131d\u0131r. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Son Barikat\u0131 giri\u015f yaz\u0131s\u0131 ve bro\u015f\u00fcr \u00e7evirisinden hemen \u00f6nce Amerikal\u0131 devrimci i\u015f\u00e7ilerin okuma listesi, B\u00fcy\u00fck Antifa\u015fist Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n nas\u0131l kazan\u0131labildi\u011fine dair \u00e7ok iyi bir fikir verecektir.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i kitaplar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fu k\u0131sa listeye g\u00f6z gezdirelim: PAR\u0130S KOM\u00dcN\u00dc (Lenin<\/em>); LEN\u0130N\u2019DEN ANILAR (Krupskaya<\/em>); ALMANYA\u2019DA K\u00d6YL\u00dc SAVA\u015eI (Engels<\/em>); LOUIS BONAPARTE\u2019IN 18. BRUMAIRE\u2019\u0130 (Marx<\/em>); D\u00dcNYAYI SARSAN ON G\u00dcN (John Reed<\/em>), THE MOLLY MAGUIRES (Anthony Bimba<\/em>) [\u00e7.n. ABD\u2019de \u0130rlandal\u0131 k\u00f6m\u00fcr i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin destans\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi]; AMER\u0130KAN TAR\u0130H\u0130NDE TOPLUMSAL G\u00dc\u00c7LER (A. M. Simons<\/em>); KOM\u00dcN\u0130ST PART\u0130 MAN\u0130FESTOSU (Marx-Engels<\/em>); 1905 DEVR\u0130M\u0130 (Lenin<\/em>); \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 SINIFI TAR\u0130H\u0130- Herbiri bro\u015f\u00fcr formunda 12 ders; SAVA\u015e VE \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 ENTERNASYONAL (Lenin<\/em>); SOSYAL\u0130ZM VE SAVA\u015e (Lenin<\/em>); KARL MARX\u2019IN \u00d6\u011eRET\u0130LER\u0130 (Lenin<\/em>);\u00a0 \u0130SYANIN SESLER\u0130, Giri\u015f ve notlarla \u00fcnl\u00fc devrimci liderlerin \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zleri. \u015eimdi Robespierre, Marat, Lasalle, Karl Liebknecht, Bebel, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Lenin, Debs, Ruthenberg ciltleri.<\/p>\n

Peki ya ABD se\u00e7imleri diye hemen akl\u0131m\u0131za gelen ya da medyadan \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fimiz Demokrat ve Cumhuriyet\u00e7i Parti ba\u015fkan adaylar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir siyaset yok muydu? ABD i\u015f\u00e7i hareketi ve sosyalistlerinin o d\u00f6nemdeki destans\u0131 m\u00fccadelesinde ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinde sosyalist aday i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 lideri Debs, hapishane h\u00fccresinden \u00f6nemli oranlarda oy al\u0131yordu. Enternasyonal Sosyalizm Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde \u00f6nemli i\u015f\u00e7i liderlerini tan\u0131t\u0131rken Debs\u2019e de yer verece\u011fimizi \u00f6nceden belirtelim.<\/p>\n

28 May\u0131s 2026<\/p>\n

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………<\/p>\n

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PAR\u0130S KOM\u00dcN\u00dc<\/p>\n

RES\u0130ML\u0130 \u00d6YK\u00dc<\/p>\n

ALEXANDER TRACHTENBERG<\/p>\n

RES\u0130MLEYEN: WILLIAM SIEGEL<\/p>\n

YAYINCININ NOTU<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bu bro\u015f\u00fcr, devrimci yazar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc John Reed Club\u2019\u0131n deste\u011fiyle International Pamphlets (799 Broadway, New York) taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019de Yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (1932<\/em>)\u0130kinci Bask\u0131<\/p>\n

PAR\u0130S KOM\u00dcN\u00dc\u2019N\u00dcN DERSLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

ALEXANDER TRACHTENBERG<\/p>\n

18 Mart 1871\u2019de, Paris\u2019in devrimci i\u015f\u00e7ileri Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fc kurdular. Bu ilk proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc giri\u015fimiydi. \u00d6yk\u00fc defalarca anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck) III. Napolyon\u2019un Temmuz 1870\u2019te Prusya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan ederek nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u0130kinci \u0130mparatorluk rejimini ayakta tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131; Sedan\u2019da nas\u0131l bozguna u\u011fray\u0131p Paris\u2019i Prusya askerlerinin insaf\u0131na terk etti\u011fi; Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de nas\u0131l bir burjuva cumhuriyeti ilan edilerek, s\u00f6zde bir Ulusal Savunma H\u00fck\u00fcmeti kuruldu\u011fu; bu H\u00fck\u00fcmetin ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u015fehre nas\u0131l ihanet edip Parisli kitlelerin \u015fehri savunmak i\u00e7in nas\u0131l ayaklan\u0131p silahland\u0131\u011f\u0131; H\u00fck\u00fcmet, Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 silahs\u0131zland\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, kitlelerin nas\u0131l 18 Mart\u2019ta Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fc ilan edip \u015fehir y\u00f6netimini \u00fcstlendi\u011fi; hain Thiers H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin nas\u0131l Versailles\u2019a \u00e7ekilip Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fc devirmek i\u00e7in Prusyal\u0131larla ne entrikalar \u00e7evirdi\u011fini ve Parisli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin nas\u0131l Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fc yetmi\u015f iki g\u00fcn ellerinde tutup son damla kanlar\u0131na kadar savunduklar\u0131; \u015fehre giren Versailles birliklerinin ba\u015fkent y\u00f6netimini ele ge\u00e7irerek, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler ve m\u00fclks\u00fczler yarar\u0131na kenti y\u00f6netmeye c\u00fcret eden on binlerce erkek ve kad\u0131n\u0131 katletti\u011fi.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, uzun s\u00fcredir proletaryan\u0131n gelene\u011finin bir hazinesi haline gelmi\u015f olan bu kahramanca m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc bir kez daha dinlemek i\u00e7in her topland\u0131klar\u0131nda, 1871 \u015fehitlerini onurla anacaklard\u0131r. Ama altm\u0131\u015f k\u00fcsur y\u0131l \u00f6nce Parisli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ezenlere kar\u015f\u0131 aya\u011fa kalkmaya c\u00fcret ettikleri i\u00e7in katledilen bug\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin \u015fehitlerini ya da kapitalist ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerin zindanlar\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 ac\u0131 \u00e7eken yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 da anacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f Cephesi \u00c7ok Geni\u015f Bir Alana Yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/em><\/p>\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc sadece 72 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fse de \u00e7ok fazla kurban vermi\u015fti. Burjuvazi zafer kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 100.000\u2019den fazla erkek ve kad\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ya da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelere s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcn devrimci sava\u015f cephesi, neredeyse yerk\u00fcrenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ku\u015fatan \u00e7ok daha geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcm kapitalist ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerde \u015fiddetli s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor; on binlerce i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcp hapsediliyor. Son y\u0131llarda fa\u015fizm, beyaz ter\u00f6r ve polis vah\u015fetinin toplam kurban say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fcz binleri bulmu\u015ftur. Her yerde i\u015f\u00e7iler kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n adaletine kurban gidenleri savunmak i\u00e7in aya\u011fa kalkarlarken, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bu \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131f g\u00f6revine \u00f6zel bir dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nde i\u015f\u00e7iler her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kapitalist zulme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerine \u00f6nderlik eden Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Savunmas\u0131 (International Labor Defense) bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplan\u0131yorlar. Bu yap\u0131 grev ve grev g\u00f6zc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131 ve t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelelerinden do\u011fan bask\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131yor; Siyahlar\u0131n lin\u00e7 edilmesine, sosyal ve siyasal ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131yor. Yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde do\u011fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 da her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kapitalist bask\u0131 ve zulm\u00fcn kurbanlar\u0131na destek i\u00e7in de sava\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

1871\u2019de bir tek \u015fehirle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan iktidar m\u00fccadelesi o zamandan beri b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 \u015eimdiden d\u00fcnyan\u0131n alt\u0131da biri kapitalistlerin egemenli\u011finden kopar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc yedi hafta s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fken Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Kom\u00fcn\u00fc on y\u0131ldan daha uzun s\u00fcredir iktidardad\u0131r. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde i\u015f\u00e7iler sadece burjuvaziyi yenip onun yard\u0131m\u0131na gelen yabanc\u0131 i\u015fgalcileri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmekle kalmam\u0131\u015f, o kadar sa\u011flam k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ki Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u201cg\u00f6rkemli habercisi\u201d oldu\u011fu Sosyalist toplumu in\u015fa etmeye \u015fimdiden ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni Tehdit Ediyor<\/em><\/p>\n

Ama d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kalan\u0131nda \u2013 geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler ve geri kalm\u0131\u015f s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde \u2013 bast\u0131r\u0131lamaz \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlar ve daha derin bir anlam kazan\u0131yor. Bir zamanlar\u0131n Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nda i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00f6netiminin s\u00fcrmesi ve Sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131mlar \u2013 emperyalistlerin y\u00f6netiminde ac\u0131 \u00e7eken i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclere s\u00fcrekli ilham kayna\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131lavuzluk diyor. Kapitalist h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri \u00fclkedeki burjuva kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131devrimi \u00f6rg\u00fctleyerek ya da Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne sava\u015f a\u00e7arak devirmek i\u00e7in entrikalara itiyor. 1871\u2019de, nas\u0131l ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yenilgisinden ge\u00e7ti\u011finde Frans\u0131z ve Prusya burjuvazisi aras\u0131ndaki rekabet bir b\u00f6l\u00fcnme yaratmam\u0131\u015fsa, emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki rekabetler de i\u015f\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren bu sava\u015f hamlesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7emeyecektir.\u00a0 End\u00fcstriyel ve Men\u015fevik partilerin davalar\u0131 kapitalist \u00fclkelerin ve \u0130kinci Enternasyonal\u2019in \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki ajanlar\u0131 arac\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 devrimci propaganda ve sabotaj eylemleri yoluyla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 komplolar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son y\u0131llarda Uzak Do\u011fu\u2019da s\u00fcrekli sava\u015f k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131, Japonya\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019i ya\u011fmalarken \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen di\u011fer emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin g\u00f6z yummas\u0131yla Man\u00e7urya\u2019da kukla tampon devlet kurmas\u0131, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni kar\u015f\u0131devrimci ku\u015fatma ve ona y\u00f6nelik sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 ile \u00c7in i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin kurdu\u011fu Sovyetlerin yok edilmesi politikas\u0131n\u0131 izliyor.<\/p>\n

1871 Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc anarken, d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7ileri bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Sovyet Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn \u00fczerinde Demokles k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131 gibi as\u0131l\u0131 duran bu s\u00fcrekli sava\u015f tehlikesini hi\u00e7 unutmadan savunmak i\u00e7in \u00f6rg\u00fctleneceklerdir. Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn yenilgisi, k\u0131smen di\u011fer sanayi merkezleri ve k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerden izole edilmesi ve o s\u0131rada uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin ona maddi yard\u0131m yapamayacak kadar zay\u0131f olmas\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn durum b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, t\u00fcm kapitalist \u00fclkelerdeki devrimci i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerdeki ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerinin ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Emek\u00e7i kitleler onu savunmaya ko\u015facak ve onun i\u00e7in sava\u015facakt\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onu kapitalizme ve emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 kendi m\u00fccadelelerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 say\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler Kom\u00fcn Derslerini \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar<\/em><\/p>\n

Ama i\u015f\u00e7iler sadece \u201cg\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc fethetmeye haz\u0131r\u201d (Marx) Kom\u00fcnarlar\u0131n kahramanca eylemlerinden esinlenmekle kalmayacaklar. Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 kadar Parisli i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r bedel \u00f6dedi\u011fi hatalar\u0131 ve eksiklikler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirecekler.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn kurulmas\u0131ndan hem \u00f6nce, hem de sonra disiplinli, birbirine kenetlenmi\u015f devrimci bir liderli\u011fin yoklu\u011fu, daha en ba\u015f\u0131nda felakete davetiye \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/em>\u00a0\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, kitlelerin bu kendili\u011finden ayaklanmas\u0131na liderlik edecek birle\u015fik ve teorik bak\u0131mdan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc siyasal partiden yoksundu. En \u00e7ok Proudhoncular, Blanqistler ve Enternasyonalistlerin temsil edildikleri birka\u00e7 grup liderlik i\u00e7in rekabet halindeydi. Bu da Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fc s\u00fcrekli kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa, plans\u0131zl\u0131k ve uzun vadeli bir program\u0131n eksikli\u011fine mahk\u00fbm etmi\u015fti. Liderlerin prati\u011finin taktikleri tamamen ihmal etmek, h\u0131zla geli\u015fen devrimci duruma el yordam\u0131yla, g\u00fcnl\u00fck yakla\u015f\u0131m sergilemek oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Ayaklanman\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerindeki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 otoriteden bile vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015fti. 12 Nisan 1871\u2019de, Marx\u2019\u0131n dostu Kugelmann\u2019a \u00fcnl\u00fc mektubunda not etti\u011fi gibi \u201c[Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n] Merkez Komitesi yetkilerini \u00e7ok erken b\u0131rak\u0131p Kom\u00fcn\u2019e devretmi\u015fti.\u201d<\/p>\n

Merkeziyet\u00e7i Marx, Paris i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin Thiers h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 devrimci m\u00fccadelesinin ancak askeri kaynaklara komuta eden merkezi bir devrimci otoritenin liderli\u011finde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclebilece\u011fini kavram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu otorite, Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n Merkez Komitesi oldu\u011fu halde yetkilerinden vazge\u00e7en ve otoritesini gev\u015fek \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f Kom\u00fcn\u2019e devreden komite silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin devrimci enerjisini da\u011f\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn zay\u0131fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 analiz ederken bile Marx, yine de Kom\u00fcnarlar\u0131n devrimci ate\u015fine s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir co\u015fkuyla yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Biraz \u00f6nce al\u0131nt\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn ilan edilmesinden \u00fc\u00e7 hafta sonra Kugelmann\u2019a mektubunda co\u015fkuyla kendisinden ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. \u201c\u015eu Parislilerin sergiledikleri ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ustal\u0131k, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tarihsel inisiyatif, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6zveri\u201d diye yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201cD\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmandan \u00e7ok i\u00e7 ihanetin neden oldu\u011fu alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k a\u00e7l\u0131k ve y\u0131k\u0131mdan sonra sanki Fransa ile Almanya aras\u0131nda sava\u015f yokmu\u015f, d\u00fc\u015fman Paris kap\u0131lar\u0131na dayanmam\u0131\u015f gibi Prusya s\u00fcng\u00fcleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ayaklan\u0131yorlar. B\u00f6yle bir kahramanl\u0131k \u00f6rne\u011fi daha tarih yazmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ne var ki, hemen sonra Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck bedelini \u00f6dedi\u011fi hatalar\u0131ndan birini ele\u015ftirmi\u015fti: \u201cYenilirlerse, bu \u2018affedicilikleri\u2019 nedeniyle olacak. Vinoy ve Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n gerici kanad\u0131 Paris\u2019ten ka\u00e7ar ka\u00e7maz hemen Versailles\u2019a ilerlemeliydiler. Uygun an\u0131 \u201cihtiyatl\u0131 hareket etmeleri\u2019 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131lar. Sanki canavar Thiers, zaten Paris\u2019i silahs\u0131zland\u0131rma giri\u015fimiyle zaten ba\u015flatmam\u0131\u015f gibi i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatmak istemediler.\u201d<\/p>\n

Devrimci stratejisyen Marx,\u00a0devrimci Paris\u2019in d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 ka\u00e7arken Ulusal Muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n g\u00f6revinin Thiers\u2019nin yenilmi\u015f ordusuna kuvvetlerini yeniden tertipleyerek, Paris i\u015f\u00e7ileriyle sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6necek zaman\u0131 tan\u0131mak de\u011fil onu yok etmek oldu\u011funu\u00a0<\/em>biliyordu.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn liderlerinin Marx\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u201caffedicili\u011fi,\u201d Thiers h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin bakanlar\u0131 ve gerici destek\u00e7ilerinin bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde Versailles\u2019a gidip orada kuvvetlerini yeniden tertiplemelerine ve Kom\u00fcn\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 komplo kurmalar\u0131na izin vermelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu da onlar\u0131 \u015fehirde kalan, ajanl\u0131k yapacak ve kar\u015f\u0131devrimci faaliyet merkezleri olu\u015fturacak f\u0131rsat\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren \u00f6nde gelen burjuva liderlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 tutuklamaktan al\u0131koydu. Kom\u00fcn, gerici h\u00fck\u00fcmetin etkisindeki birlikleri silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131p \u015fehirde tutsayd\u0131, onlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131p di\u011ferlerini tarafs\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rabilirdi. Bunun yerine onlar\u0131n Versailles\u2019a serbest\u00e7e giderek, orada gerici militaristlerin s\u00fcrekli vesayeti alt\u0131nda kalmalar\u0131na izin verildi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ktidar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden sonra, onu elde tutup devrimci m\u00fccadeleyi yaymak ve derinle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullanma g\u00f6revi gelir.<\/em>\u00a0Rus i\u015f\u00e7ileri Ekim 1917\u2019de iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiklerinde orada durmad\u0131lar. Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn hatalar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenen Rus Bol\u015fevikler, i\u015f\u00e7ilere b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkede eski d\u00fczenin her kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00fcnden s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp yok edilinceye ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde mevzileninceye kadar sona ermeyen yeni sald\u0131r\u0131da \u00f6nderlik ettiler.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn \u0130ktidar Sava\u015f\u0131 Veriyor<\/em><\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bir iktidar m\u00fccadelesiydi.<\/em>\u00a0Paris i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin m\u00fccadelenin geli\u015fiminde g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri sadece bir y\u00f6netim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi de\u011fildi. Liderler aras\u0131nda kafalar\u0131 en net olanlar, Enternasyonal takip\u00e7ileri di\u011ferleri gibi m\u00fccadelenin y\u00f6nlendirecek gerekli taktikleri geli\u015ftiremeseler de \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n bir toplumsal devrim boyutlar\u0131 kazanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131. Marx, Kugelmann\u2019a bir ba\u015fka mektubunda (17 Nisan) \u015fu yorumu yapt\u0131: \u201cKapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ve Devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc sayesinde yeni bir evreye girdi. Nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7lan\u0131rsa sonu\u00e7lans\u0131n, uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6nemde yeni bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu, Lenin\u2019in 1905\u2019te Moskova\u2019daki Aral\u0131k ayaklanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tutumuyla birebir ayn\u0131yd\u0131. Kitlelerin deste\u011fine sahip olan Moskoval\u0131 devrimciler ya \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n askeri birliklerinin provokasyonunu ya da Moskoval\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde moral yenilgiyi kabul etmek zorundayd\u0131lar. Yenilmelerine ra\u011fmen devrimciler o e\u015fitsiz m\u00fccadeleden b\u00fct\u00fcn Rusya i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcceltilerek \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Panikleyen Men\u015fevikler Plehanov\u2019un \u201cSilaha sar\u0131lmamal\u0131yd\u0131lar\u201d form\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc m\u0131r\u0131ldan\u0131rlarken, Lenin Moskova i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin kahramanca m\u00fccadelesinde Rusya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n zafere g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek devrimci iradesini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Marx\u2019\u0131n Paris i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin sava\u015f\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlemini yorumlayan Lenin \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cMarx, umutsuz bir dava u\u011fruna bile olsa tarihte kitlelerin m\u00fccadelesinin gelecekteki \u00f6\u011frenimleri ve bir sonraki m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in e\u011fitimleri i\u00e7in zorunlu anlar oldu\u011funu takdir ediyordu.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lenin\u2019i 1907\u2019de Kugelmann\u2019a mektuplar\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde Paris ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 1905 devrimci m\u00fccadelesine uygulamaya y\u00f6nelten bu umut dolu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc: \u201cRusya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u2018g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc fethedebilece\u011fini\u2019 zaten bir kez g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ve bunu yeniden kan\u0131tlayacakt\u0131r.\u201d 1917\u2019de kan\u0131tlad\u0131 da.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn kiliseyi Devlet\u2019ten ay\u0131ran, kilise m\u00fclklerini kamula\u015ft\u0131ran, terk edilmi\u015f fabrikalara el koyan, i\u015f\u00e7ilere kesilen para cezalar\u0131n\u0131 affeden, f\u0131r\u0131nlarda gece vardiyas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan, vb. kararnameleri hep b\u00fcy\u00fck toplumsal \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan kararlard\u0131. Bunlar i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 yarar\u0131na yasa \u00e7\u0131karan bir i\u015f\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kararlar\u0131yd\u0131. Ama Kom\u00fcn t\u00fcm fabrikalara el koymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fransa Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131p bunun yerine devrimin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in (aynen!) bor\u00e7 para almak i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn, her ne kadar Devletin yetkilerini ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fse de eski Devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde faaliyet g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/em>\u00a0Marx, 12 Nisan tarihli mektubunda proletarya devriminin \u00f6nko\u015fulu olarak \u201cb\u00fcrokratik siyasal mekanizman\u0131n par\u00e7alanmas\u0131\u201dndan s\u00f6z ederek buna kar\u015f\u0131 uyar\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftu. Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden iki g\u00fcn sonra, Birinci Enternasyonal Genel Konseyi\u2019nde okunan hitab\u0131, Kom\u00fcn ile ilgili klasik eseri\u00a0Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/em>\u2018ta konuya dikkat \u00e7ekerek, \u015fu teorik sonucu form\u00fcle etmi\u015fti: \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 sadece haz\u0131r Devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanamaz.<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n

1891\u2019de, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn 20. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde Engels,\u00a0Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/em>\u2019\u0131n yeni Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6ns\u00f6zde, Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn Fransa Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019na el koyup kendi yarar\u0131na kullanmamas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirip eski h\u00fck\u00fcmet ayg\u0131t\u0131ndan yararlanmay\u0131 denedi\u011fine i\u015faret etti. Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201cHitap\u201d\u0131nda ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 konuya geri d\u00f6n\u00fcp \u201cKom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilerin iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra eski Devlet g\u00fcc\u00fcyle, \u00f6nceden kendisini s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan mekanizmayla y\u00f6netemeyece\u011fini kabul etmesi gerekirdi\u201d diyordu. Engels\u2019in vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7 \u015fu: \u201cGer\u00e7ekte, Devlet monar\u015fide oldu\u011fu kadar demokratik bir cumhuriyette de bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bir di\u011ferince ezilmesinin ayg\u0131t\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn: \u0130lk Proleter Devrim<\/em><\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na miras b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131nla ders var. Marx, Engels ve Lenin Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fc yak\u0131ndan incelemi\u015f; Rus i\u015f\u00e7ileri ilk proleter devrimin derslerine h\u00e2kim olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn, Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck gelene\u011fidir. P\u00e8re Lachaise\u2019in sessiz duvarlar\u0131, Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7ilerine \u00fccret k\u00f6leli\u011finden kurtulmak i\u00e7in sava\u015fan proleter atalar\u0131n\u0131n kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131r. Kom\u00fcn ayn\u0131 zamanda t\u00fcm proletaryan\u0131n da miras\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin sadece sava\u015fmakla kalmay\u0131p proletaryan\u0131n hedefleri do\u011frultusunda denetleyip y\u00f6nlendirdikleri ilk devrimdi.<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn 40. y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcnde Lenin \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cModern toplumda, sermayenin ekonomik bak\u0131mdan k\u00f6lele\u015ftirdi\u011fi proletarya kendisini sermayeye ba\u011flayan zincirleri k\u0131rmadan \u00f6nce siyasal egemenli\u011fini kuramaz. Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn sosyalist \u00e7izgilerde geli\u015fmek, yani burjuvazinin egemenli\u011fini, sermayenin egemenli\u011fini y\u0131kmaya, mevcut toplumsal d\u00fczeni temellerinden yok etmeye giri\u015fmek zorunda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni budur.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kom\u00fcn proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilk giri\u015fimdi.<\/em>\u00a0Muzaffer olmad\u0131ysa da k\u0131rk alt\u0131 y\u0131l sonra Rus i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn prototipiydi. Engels, \u00fcstte at\u0131f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u00a0Fransa\u2019da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f<\/em>\u2019\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle bitirmi\u015fti: \u201cAlman dar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcler (\u201cSosyalist\u201d diye okuyun \u2013 A.T.) son zamanlarda proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc deyimi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tam bir korkuya kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Peki, beyefendiler, bu diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn neye benzedi\u011fini bilmek ister misiniz? Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019ne bak\u0131n! Proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc budur!\u201d<\/p>\n

1905\u2019te, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n temsili \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin yeni bi\u00e7imi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve 1917\u2019de proletaryan\u0131n y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imi olarak sa\u011flam bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015fen Sovyet, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019nden daha y\u00fcksek tipte olup Lenin\u2019e g\u00f6re \u201cSosyalizme en sanc\u0131s\u0131z ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flayabilen\u00a0tek<\/em>\u00a0bi\u00e7imdir.\u201d Yine de Lenin bu yeni devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131n izinin do\u011frudan Kom\u00fcn\u2019de bulunabilece\u011fini savunmu\u015ftu. Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u201c\u201dParis Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn omuzlar\u0131nda y\u00fckseldi\u011fi\u201dnden, \u201cParis Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn devam\u0131\u201d ve Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin program\u0131nda \u201cSovyet iktidar\u0131 i\u00e7in, Sovyet tipi h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u00e7in, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc tipinde h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u00e7in\u201d \u00e7abalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc devrimci i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f a\u00e7an bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Marx\u2019\u0131n tarihi \u201cHitap\u201d\u0131n\u0131n kapan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00f6vg\u00fcs\u00fc d\u00fcnya proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n yi\u011fit Kom\u00fcnarlar\u0131n an\u0131s\u0131na ve u\u011frunda sava\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 davaya olan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131kl\u0131k eder: \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Paris\u2019i, Kom\u00fcn\u00fc ile birlikte, yeni toplumun g\u00f6rkemli habercisi olarak sonsuza dek kutlanacakt\u0131r. \u015eehitleri, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcce kalbine g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tarih onlar\u0131n cellatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fimdiden rahiplerinin t\u00fcm dualar\u0131n\u0131n ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmaya yetmeyece\u011fi bir \u015fekilde te\u015fhir etmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bundan k\u0131rk y\u0131l sonra, 1911\u2019de Lenin Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili makalesini \u015fu \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zlerle bitirdi: \u201cKom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn davas\u0131 toplumsal devrimin davas\u0131d\u0131r, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tam siyasal ve ekonomik kurtulu\u015funun davas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n davas\u0131d\u0131r. Ve bu anlamda \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n

Okur, izleyen sayfalarda Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn resimlerle anlat\u0131lan \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc bulacakt\u0131r. Bu, daha \u00f6nce i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde \u00e7ok az yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bir i\u00e7eriktir. Canl\u0131, dramatik ve basit \u015fekilde okura Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc anlat\u0131r. Resim altlar\u0131ndaki k\u0131sa metinler, kalan bo\u015fluklar\u0131 doldurarak resimlerin daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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1870 yaz\u0131nda, Frans\u0131z burjuvazisi \u00fclkelerini Prusya ile sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet ve ordu liderleri yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir dizi yenilgi ya\u015fand\u0131. En sonunda, Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de 80.000 acemi ve k\u00f6t\u00fc te\u00e7hizatl\u0131 asker Prusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f makinesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Prusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f makinesinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Ku\u015fat\u0131lan Frans\u0131zlar yenildiler. III. Napolyon ve ordusunun neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131, Paris savunma g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle birlikte esir al\u0131nd\u0131. Prusyal\u0131lar her \u015feyi silip s\u00fcp\u00fcrerek ba\u015fkente ilerlediler.<\/p>\n

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Ama \u015fehir halk\u0131 bir Ulusal Muhaf\u0131z g\u00fcc\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctlemi\u015fti. \u015eimdiden yiyecek k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131yordu: F\u0131r\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde uzun kuyruklar olu\u015fturan a\u00e7lar ekmek bekliyorlard\u0131. Ama kenti savunmak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok say\u0131da top temin ettiler ve Paris istihk\u00e2mlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirdiler.<\/p>\n

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Zenginler bu giri\u015fimde Prusyal\u0131lar kadar kendileri i\u00e7in de tehlike g\u00f6rd\u00fcler. Kitleler devrimci co\u015fkuyla harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Toplar\u0131n\u0131 istihk\u00e2mlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmana da i\u00e7indeki burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 da kullanabilirlerdi. Toplar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme giri\u015fiminde bulunuldu. Alarm verildi. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fehir, erkekler gibi kad\u0131nlar da \u015fehri savunmaya, ko\u015ftular. H\u00fck\u00fcmet birlikleri ise Paris\u2019i savunan halka sald\u0131rmay\u0131p karde\u015f\u00e7e yakla\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

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18 Mart\u2019ta Kom\u00fcn ilan edildi. H\u00fck\u00fcmet, kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 askeri birlikleriyle birlikte Versailles\u2019a \u00e7ekildi. Askeri birlikleri kendi saflar\u0131na kazanabilecek olan Kom\u00fcnarlar \u015fehirden \u00e7ekilmelerine izin verdiler. Ayr\u0131ca Paris\u2019ten ka\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u015fehrin zenginleri de rehine olarak tutulmal\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Arrondissement\u2019lara ya da il\u00e7elere b\u00f6l\u00fcnen \u015fehir, art\u0131k Lenin\u2019in \u201cyeni tipte bir devlet, \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Devleti\u201d yaratt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fi Kom\u00fcnar gruplar \u2013 erkekler ve kad\u0131nlar, i\u015f\u00e7iler ve entelekt\u00fceller \u2013 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu.<\/p>\n

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Sokaklarda kalabal\u0131klar bu yeni Devletin bildirilerini okuyorlard\u0131: Kilisenin devletten ayr\u0131lmas\u0131; f\u0131r\u0131nlarda art\u0131k gece vardiyas\u0131n\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131; yoksullar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015f kiralar\u0131n\u0131n silinmesi; rahiplerin tutuklanmas\u0131; terk edilmi\u015f fabrikalar\u0131n yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131; i\u015f\u00e7ilere verilen para cezalar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Bu s\u0131rada Versailles\u2019da, Thiers ve gerici h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Prusyal\u0131 subaylar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019ne sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 planl\u0131yordu. Esir al\u0131nan binlerce Frans\u0131z askeri, sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in geri g\u00f6nderilip silahland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131; ama Kom\u00fcnarlar da haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

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Sokaklara barikatlar kuruldu. Erkekler ve kad\u0131nlar barikat kurup savunmak i\u00e7in ellerinden geleni yapt\u0131lar. Ama \u015fehrin tamam\u0131 savunulamazd\u0131. Paris\u2019te kalan burjuvalar \u015fehrin zay\u0131f noktalar\u0131n\u0131 Versailles\u2019a bildirdiler. 22 May\u0131s\u2019tan 28 May\u0131s\u2019a kadar s\u00fcren kanl\u0131 haftada, askeri birlikler savunmas\u0131z kap\u0131lardan i\u00e7eri s\u0131zd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

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Yi\u011fit\u00e7e sava\u015fan Kom\u00fcnarlar Paris\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kesiminde son bir direni\u015fe zorland\u0131lar. Her kald\u0131r\u0131m muharebe alan\u0131, her ev kaleydi. Yorgun ve bitkin d\u00fc\u015fen Kom\u00fcnarlar, kad\u0131n \u00e7ocuk ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmayan askeri birliklerin ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda geri \u00e7ekiliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\u015eehrin alevler i\u00e7indeki kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00e2l\u00e2 sava\u015f\u0131rken esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Binlercesi orac\u0131kta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc; di\u011fer binlercesi \u2013 \u00e7ocuklar, ya\u015fl\u0131lar ve hastalar \u2013 kur\u015funa dizilmek \u00fczere a\u00e7\u0131k alanlara topland\u0131. G\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f Versailles birliklerinin her m\u00fcfrezesi, \u015f\u00fcphelendikleri her sempatizan\u0131 yarg\u0131s\u0131z infaz eden tetik\u00e7i \u00e7etesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Kom\u00fcn kendi kan\u0131nda bo\u011fuluyordu.<\/p>\n

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\u00c7o\u011fu \u015fimdi \u015fehre yeni d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olan zenginler, bu deh\u015fet verici ge\u00e7idi izleyip zafer kutlamas\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in kald\u0131r\u0131mlarda bekliyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

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Beyaz Ter\u00f6r s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131m\u0131yordu. P\u00e8re Lachaise Mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ve onlarca farkl\u0131 noktada, binlerce Kom\u00fcnar bir araya toplanarak kur\u015funa dizildi. Kom\u00fcnarlar\u0131n Kasab\u0131 General Gallifet, idam mangalar\u0131 duvarlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne y\u0131\u011f\u0131lan meydan okuyan kalabal\u0131klara ate\u015f a\u00e7arken kenardan izledi. Cesetler ve hen\u00fcz \u00f6lmemi\u015f olanlar \u00fcst \u00fcste y\u0131\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

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\u201cKom\u00fcnarlar Duvar\u0131\u201dn\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 duruyor. Duvardan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 bakan kabartma y\u00fczler kapitalist y\u00f6netime hem meydan okuma, hem de Kom\u00fcn \u015fehitlerine bir an\u0131tt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kom\u00fcnarlar Duvar\u0131<\/p>\n

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S\u0131rf o hafta i\u00e7inde 40.000 i\u015f\u00e7i katledildi. Sonra da o zamana kadar ka\u00e7abilmi\u015f olan Kom\u00fcnarlar toplu halde g\u00f6stermelik mahkemelere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131lar. Kes-yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r kararlarla su\u00e7lu bulunup idam edildiler ya da ceza kolonilerine sevk edildiler.<\/p>\n

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S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerde i\u015f\u00e7iler en a\u011f\u0131r i\u015flerde k\u00f6leli\u011fe zorland\u0131lar. Onlar ilk i\u015f\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kurulmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmi\u015flerdi. Muzaffer burjuvazi intikam almak i\u00e7in onlar\u0131 Frans\u0131z yabanc\u0131 lejyonlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131k\u0131 g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda ate\u015fli hastal\u0131klardan, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan ve bak\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan \u00f6lmeye g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n

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Karl Marx, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dikkat ve kavray\u0131\u015fla Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn kaderini izlemi\u015fti. Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden hemen sonra, d\u00fcnya i\u015f\u00e7ilerine onun do\u011fu\u015fu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn verdi\u011fi dersler \u00fczerine konu\u015ftu. \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Paris\u2019i Kom\u00fcn ile birlikte, yeni bir toplumun g\u00f6rkemli habercisi olarak sonsuza dek kutlanacakt\u0131r\u201d dedi.<\/p>\n

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Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc, 18 Mart i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ilerleyi\u015finin d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndan biridir. 1871\u2019den beri her \u00fclkede i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kutlama ve kendilerini devrime yeniden adama g\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

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Kom\u00fcn yeniden ya\u015f\u0131yor!<\/em><\/p>\n

Ekim 1917\u2019de, Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019nden k\u0131rk alt\u0131 y\u0131l sonra, Rusya i\u015f\u00e7ileri ba\u015f\u0131nda Lenin\u2019in bulundu\u011fu Parti\u2019nin liderli\u011finde kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f ilk i\u015f\u00e7i devletini kurdular. Lenin\u2019in Smolny\u2019den y\u00f6netti\u011fi bu Rus Kom\u00fcnarlar\u0131 \u2013 fabrikalardan i\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fcfrezeleri, Neva nehrinde ilerleyen Aurora z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131 ve Proleterya Devrimi\u2019ne kat\u0131lan askerler ile Bol\u015fevik denizciler \u2013 burjuva h\u00fck\u00fcmetini \u201cT\u00fcm \u0130ktidar Sovyetlere!\u201d slogan\u0131yla yendiler.<\/p>\n

Lenin \u201cParis Kom\u00fcn\u00fc ilk ad\u0131md\u0131\u201d dedi. \u015eimdi Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nde in\u015fa edilmekte olan Sosyalist Toplum, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin D\u00fcnya Proleter Kom\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

AL\u0130 DO\u011eU \u00c7AKIRO\u011eLU ET\u0130KTEOR\u0130\u2019N\u0130N Enternasyonal Sosyalizm Ar\u015fivi\u2019nde\u00a0 bundan sonra Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc belgelerine s\u0131k\u00e7a yer verece\u011fiz. Bu sefer Kom\u00fcn\u2019\u00fcn son barikat\u0131n\u0131n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4546,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[66,69,72],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4545","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-dunyadan-haberler","category-emek-dunyasi","category-guncel"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4545","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4545"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4545\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4550,"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4545\/revisions\/4550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4546"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4545"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4545"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dkder.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4545"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}